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2018微卫星不稳定性在结直肠癌中的研究进展

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发表于 2018-8-17 22:38:42 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  摘 要 微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability, MSI)是指由于复制错误造成的微卫星重复的数目改变,其发生机制为错配修复缺陷。结直肠癌患者中有15% ~ 20%为MSI高的患者。根据美国国家综合癌症网络发布的最新相关指南,建议对所有结直肠癌患者均使用聚合酶链反应法或免疫组织化学法进行MSI/错配修复检测。错配修复蛋白是诊断Lynch综合征的关键分子标志物。MSI高的结直肠癌患者的预后相对较好,但MSI高的Ⅱ期患者无法自氟尿嘧啶辅助化疗中获益。目前已见有抗程序性死亡受体-1单克隆抗体治疗MSI高的转移性结直肠癌患者疗效较好的报告,但此结论仍需得到大型临床试验的确认。
http://
  关键词 微卫星不稳定性 错配修复 Lynch综合征
  中图分类号:R735.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2018)01-0008-06
  Research progress of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer
  ZANG Lijuan*
  (Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China)
  ABSTRACT Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the change of the number of microsatellites, which is caused by replication error, and its mechanism is deficiency of mismatch repair (MMR). About 15% ~ 20% of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) are MSI high (MSI-H) patients. According to the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, it is highly recommended that all patients with CRC should detect MSI/MMR via polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry. MMR proteins are key markers for diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Patients with MSI-H have a better prognosis, but those with stage II MSI-H tumors are not able to benefit from fluorouracil-based therapy. At present, anti-programmed cell death protein-1 monoclonal antibodies have been applied to metastatic MSI-H colorectal cancer patients, which has achieved better efficacy, but large trials are still needed to verify these effects.
  KEY WORDS microsatellite instability; mismatch repair; Lynch syndrome
  结直肠癌是全球第三常见的癌症类型,造成全球每年约70万人死亡;而在中国,每年新发的结直肠癌病例数超过25万人,同时有约14万人死于结直肠癌[1]。近年来,结直肠癌的发病率持续上升,但死亡率逐年下降,主要得益于早期癌症检测及其管理水平和人们对癌症认识能力的持续提高等。
  微卫星(microsatellite)又被称为短串联重复(short tandem repeat),是一种短而重复且长度理学学会、美国病理学家学会、美国分子病理学协会和美国临床肿瘤学学会共同发布的结直肠癌分子标志物相关指南[4]也指出,应检测结直肠癌患者的错配修复状态,以评价Lynch综合征风险和预后分层。
  1.1 DNA检测步骤
  MSI的DNA检测基于聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)法,系通过在肿瘤组织样本中扩增DNA的几个微卫星位点,然后与对应的正常DNA进行比较。美国国家癌症研究所推荐对5个微卫星标志物进行检测以确定MSI状态,其中包括两个单核苷酸重复位点BAT-25和BAT-26以及3个多核苷酸重复位点D2S123、D5S346和D17S250[5-6]。除此之外,也有文献推荐了其他检测位点,比如Promega标准中包括5个单核苷酸重复位点BAT-25、BAT-26、MONO-27、NR-21和NR-24以及两个多核苷酸重复位点PENTA-C和PENTA-D[7]。对这些标志物的检测结果均与测序结果高度一致[6]。不同相关指南给出的DNA检测步骤有所不同,其中英国国家健康与临床优化研究所推荐的检测步骤如下[8]:     1)使用PCR法检测MSI。
  2)如果检测结果为阳性(MSI高/低),?^续进行BRAF V600E突变和MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化检测,以区分散发性结直肠癌和Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌。
  3)先进行BRAF V600E突变检测。如检测结果为阳性,诊断为散发性结直肠癌。
  4)如BRAF V600E突变检测结果为阴性,再进行MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化检测。如果检测结果为阳性,诊断为散发性结直肠癌。
  5)如MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化检测结果为阴性,可再通过生殖系DNA基因检测证实为Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌。
  不过,中国临床肿瘤学学会2017年发布的结直肠癌诊疗指南[9]推荐,在检测出患者MSI高后应再检测其生殖系DNA基因以判断是否为Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌。
  根据PCR法检测结果,结直肠癌可分为3类:
  1)如≥30%的重复位点显示MSI,则为MSI高的结直肠癌;
  2)如92%[12]。IHC法检测的敏感性为77% ~ 83%[13-14]。为提高检出率,临床上还常协同使用PCR法和IHC法检测,以发现可能被单一方法检测漏掉的错配修复缺陷的结直肠癌[15]。IHC法检测因具有操作简单和成本低等优点,且其结果有助于识别特定蛋白缺失、指导对特定基因的生殖系DNA检测,所以临床上常用作对结直肠癌患者进行初筛的手段。
  2 MSI/错配修复状态检测的诊断作用
  2.1 错配修复缺陷和Lynch综合征
  Lynch综合征是一种常染色体显性疾病,由生殖细胞中错配修复蛋白基因(MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2)突变引起[16-18]。MSI高或IHC法检测发现一个或多个错配修复蛋白缺失均提示存在错配修复缺陷。约90%的Lynch综合征可归因于MLH1或MSH2突变[19-20]。MSH6突变导致Lynch综合征的很少,而单一PMS2缺失导致Lynch综合征的非常罕见[21]。
  由Lynch综合征引发的结直肠癌占全部结直肠癌的2% ~ 4%,诊出年龄为44 ~ 61岁,早于散发性结直肠癌的69岁[22]。近70%的Lynch综合征相关的结肠癌发生于近端结肠[16]。从组织学看,Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌常常是低分化的印戒细胞癌[10,17]。Lynch综合征患者的终生结直肠癌罹患风险在30% ~ 70%间,而普通人群的此风险为5.5%[17,22]。
  此外,Lynch综合征患者罹患其他癌症的风险也很高,包括子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、小肠癌、胃癌、膀胱癌、脑癌、肾癌、胆道癌和胆囊癌等,其中女性70岁前子宫内膜癌的累积罹患风险为32% ~ 42%[23-25]。携带错配修复缺陷基因的家庭成员罹患癌症的风险亦提高。因此,Lynch综合征诊断具有重要的临床意义。
  2.2 MSI和散发性结直肠癌
  MSI高的结直肠癌也可由MLH1启动子CpG岛的超甲基化引起,通常与BRAF c.1799T>A(p. V600E)突变有关[26-28]。约12%的散发性结直肠癌为MSI高的结直肠癌,IHC法检测常可发现同时存在MLH1和PMS2缺失,多由MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化所引起。这种体细胞突变会阻碍MLH1 mRNA的生成,导致MLH1缺失[29-30]。BRAF V600E突变仅见于MSI高的散发性结直肠癌中,在生殖系突变的肿瘤中未发现[31]。     如果IHC法检测显示MLH1/PMS2缺失,就应继续进行BRAF V600E突?或MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化检测以排除散发性结直肠癌。如BRAF V600E突变或MLH1启动子CpG岛超甲基化检测结果均为阴性,则应排除散发性结直肠癌可能,并继续进行生殖系突变分析。
  2.3 MSI状态用于结直肠癌患者预后判断
  与MSS的结直肠癌相比,MSI高的结直肠癌(包括散发性和Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌)患者的临床表现较差,但预后更好[32-33]。Popat等[34]进行的一项荟萃分析纳入了32项研究,共计包括7 642例Ⅰ~ Ⅳ期的结直肠癌患者,其中1 277例为MSI高的患者,结果发现MSI高的结直肠癌患者的预后显著优于MSS的结直肠癌患者:MSI高的患者的总生存风险比为0.65(95%置信区间为0.59 ~ 0.71)。另一项纳入了2 940例根治性切除术后结直肠癌患者的临床试验也显示,MSI高的患者的预后较好,而MSI低和MSS患者的腹外复发更趋频繁[35]。然而,MacQuarrie等[36]指出,MSI高和MSS的Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者的所有淋巴结数和阴性淋巴结数均无差异。一项纳入了1 250例结直肠癌患者的单中心研究发现,MSI高的结直肠癌患者的淋巴结和远处转移风险较低,Ⅰ/Ⅱ期结直肠癌患者的无病生存期较长。但MSI高的Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者的预后较差,肿瘤侵袭性更强,特别是淋巴血管和会阴的侵袭率更高[37]。
  Venderbosch等[38]进行的研究揭示了MSI状态与晚期结直肠癌患者总生存期之间的关联。他们对一线治疗转移性结直肠癌的4项Ⅲ期临床试验进行合并分析,发现错配修复缺陷患者的BRAF突变率远高于错配修复功能正常的患者(分别为34.6%和6.8%, P12周)为79%,中位缓解持续时间尚未达到,9个月生存率为88%。免疫治疗对MSI高的结直肠癌的疗效和耐受性均良好。     上述研究结果提示,MSI状态对结直肠癌治疗方案的选择有重要意义。免疫检查点抑制剂的毒性较化疗药物小,对体力状态较差的晚期患者有显著疗效。免疫检查点抑制剂治疗理论上亦可能使早期结直肠癌患者受益,而此正是今后需予澄清的一个重要临床问题。
  3 结语
  对MSI高的结直肠癌的筛查在临床上具有重要意义,不仅可预测患者的预后,而且可指导患者的治疗。最近发表的免疫治疗转移性结直肠癌的临床试验还表明,MSI状态可能是选择个体化治疗方案的关键指标。因此,应对新诊出的结直肠癌患者进行MSI状态检测。值得注意的是,除结直肠癌外,其他癌症如子宫内膜癌、胃癌和小肠癌等也可能表现为MSI高的肿瘤,MSI状态有望成为多种癌症患者的重要预后预测标志物[52-54]。
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