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2018右美托咪定对无创通气AECOPD患者镇静的安全性及有效性研究

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发表于 2018-8-15 13:19:20 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  [摘要] 目的 评估右美托咪定对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病急性发作期患者需要使用无创通气支持下镇静的安全性及有效性。 方法 选取2015年3月~2017年2月我院入住重症医学科的AECOPD并需要无创通气支持的患者64例,随机分为右美托咪定组和对照组,每组32例,两组均给予无创通气和常规治疗,右美托咪定组予右美托咪定维持量(0.2~0.7)μg/(kg?h),维持RASS评分-1~+1分,比较两组患者0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h的氧合指数、二氧化碳分压、平均动脉压、心率。并比?^两组患者的无创机械通气时间、有创通气率、ICU住院时间及谵妄的发生率及患者28 d生存率,观察右美托咪定组有无戒断症状。 结果 右美托咪定组6 h后二氧化碳明显较对照组下降(P /6/view-10764245.htm
  [关键词] 右美托咪定;慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作;无创通气;镇静
  [中图分类号] R563 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)35-0086-03
  [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine on sedation of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients requiring noninvasive ventilation. Methods A total of 64 acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients requiring noninvasive ventilation who were admitted in the Department of Intensive Care Unit in our hospital from March 2015 to February 2017 were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group and control group,with 32 cases in each group. The patients in two groups were given noninvasive ventilation and conventional treatment. The dexmedetomidine group was given the dexmedetomidine with the maintenance dose of (0.2-0.7)μg/(kg?h), maintaining RASS score -1-+1 points. The oxygenation index, carbon dioxide partial pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate were compared between the two groups at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. And the noninvasive mechanical ventilation time, invasive ventilation rate, ICU hospitalization time and the incidence of delirium and 28-day survival rate of patients between the two groups were compared. And it was observed that whether there were withdrawal symptoms of the dexmedetomidine group. Results The carbon dioxide in the dexmedetomidine group was significantly lower than that of the control group after 6 hours of treatment(P    [Key words] Dexmedetomidine;Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;Noninvasive ventilation;Sedation
  慢性阻塞性肺部疾病急性发作(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)是常见危重病之一,无创呼吸机的应用可以使很大一部分AECOPD患者免于?夤懿骞堋6?患者入院后因呼吸衰竭,往往表现烦躁,不能配合治疗、机械通气时人机对抗,其能量消耗增加。而从导致呼吸机治疗难度较大,发生气压伤的风险增高,甚至出现患者自行拔管,直接威胁患者的生命安全[1]。盐酸右美托咪定注射液(dexmedetomidime)是新一代高选择性激动人体广泛分布的α2-肾上腺素受体,通过作用于大脑、脊髓和周围神经系统的α2 肾上腺素能受体,产生可以产生镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑、抑制交感神经活性等临床效果[2]。但右美托咪定存在心率减慢及低血压和戒断症状等不良反应限制了其应用。本文就右美托咪定对AECOPD需要使用无创通气支持患者镇静的有效性及安全性进行探讨研究。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  选择2015年3月~2017年2月入住我院重症医学科的AECOPD并需要无创通气治疗的患者64例。纳入标准:符合AECOPD诊断[3],且符合无创通气适应证[4]。排除标准:意识障碍、呼吸微弱、排痰无力、严重的器官功能不全(上消化道出血、血流动力学不稳定等),未经引流的气胸或严重腹胀[2];缓慢型心律失常、心力衰竭、有吸毒或药物依赖史者。64例患者使用随机数字表法随机分成右美托咪定组和对照组,每组32例,两组患者年龄、性别构成、急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ评分(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHEⅡ)比较均无明显差异(P25%,HR统计学方法
  数据采用SPSS13.0 软件进行分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计数资料以百分率表示,各组间及组内计量数据比较采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05)。心率6 h后均较对照组明显下降(P理学有关,右美托咪定在大脑中的主要作用点为蓝斑核,蓝斑核在唤醒与自律活动的调节中起着非常重要的作用,它会通过多个点的投射来起作用包括促进睡眠核及自主神经细胞核,从而起到非常关键的作用。右美托咪定通过抑制从蓝斑核中所释放出来的去甲肾上腺素来抑制警惕性与交感神经活动而发挥镇静、抗焦虑作用[11]。同时右美托咪定能够保持一种自然的睡眠模式,期间患者会很容易被唤醒,减少认知功能损伤,能较高配合每日唤醒。目前镇静镇痛指南以把右美托咪定作为抗谵妄的主要药物,可以降低谵妄的发生率及严重程度[12]。     在安全性方面,前期临床试验表明,右美托咪定的半衰期为6 min,清除半衰期约为2 h。因此它具有起效快速,代谢分布快速,可控性较强且稳定的特点[13]。右美托咪定抑制交感神经活动是通过剂量依赖性的方式,减少儿茶酚胺,这种物质会引起心率与心输出量下降,但是平均动脉压,肺动脉压与血管阻力显示双相反应一开始会随着剂量的增加而降低,而后面则会增加[14,15]。国外报道小剂量右美托咪定(0.25~1.00 μg/kg)或低血浆浓度0.6~1.0 ng/mL导致低血压的发生率为13%~16%[16-18]。而本研究表明,适当剂量的右美托咪定对心率有明显影响,明显较对照组心率减慢,但无明显心动过缓,而平均动脉压在前期(6 h,12 h)较对照组下降,但后期(24 h,48 h)无明显下降。据文献报道,只有当用药量为负荷剂量与高剂量[>0.7 μg/(kg?h)]时才会增加心动过缓的风险,此外,它与需要进行治疗的低血压的风险增加也无关[11]。在近期的国内外研究中也提示在危重患者中,持续输注右美托咪定心率有所下降,但血压均无明显的波动[19-21]。
  综上所述,适当的右美托咪定近似自然睡眠的镇静,无明显呼吸抑制,使机体充分休息,提高无创通气的成功率和有效性,减少留住ICU时间,降低谵妄发生率。在有效镇静剂量且密切监测下无明显不良反应发生,安全有效。
  [参考文献]
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  (收稿日期:2017-10-11)
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