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2018脊髓损伤后外周组织炎症反应在并发2型糖尿病中的作用研究

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发表于 2018-8-15 13:01:42 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  [摘要] 目的 通?^观察SD大鼠脊髓损伤后血糖的变化及其外周组织炎症反应状态,探讨脊髓损伤并发2型糖尿病的可能机制。 方法 将24只SD大鼠随机分为两组:假模组和脊髓损伤组,其中假模组又分为假模普通饲料组(Sham+LFD)和假模三高饲料组(Sham+HFD)两个亚组,脊髓损伤组分为脊髓损伤普通饲料组(SCI+LFD)和脊髓损伤三高饲料组(SCI+HFD)两个亚组。以改良的Allen’s撞击法制作脊髓损伤动物模型,在实验开始前及8周时监测各组体重、血糖、葡萄糖耐量试验指标。于8周时取大鼠肝脏、脾脏及内脏脂肪组织,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法观察各组织胰岛素、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 及IL-10等炎症因子的表达情况。 结果 各组大鼠体重均有明显增长。脊髓损伤后大鼠血糖较损伤前明显升高,外周组织 TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达较假模组明显升高,IL-10则较假模组明显下降。相比Sham+LFD组,Sham+HFD组、SCI+LFD组以及SCI+HFD组大鼠组织中胰岛素、TNF-α、IL-1β含量显著增加,IL-10显著减少;相比Sham+HFD组,SCI+HFD组大鼠组织中胰岛素、TNF-α、IL-1β含量进一步增加,IL-10则进一步减少。 结论 脊髓损伤后外周炎症反应在脊髓损伤后并发2型糖尿病中有重要作用。
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  [关键词] SD大鼠;脊髓损伤;2型糖尿病;炎症反应
  [中图分类号] R589 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)27-0038-04
  Study on the effect of inflammatory reactions of peripheral tissues after spinal cord injury on concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus
  ZHU Genying CHENG Ruidong ZHOU Liang LI Juebao YE Xiangming
  Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, the People’s Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the possible mechanism of spinal cord injury complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus by observing the changes of blood glucose and the inflammatory response of peripheral tissue in SD rats after spinal cord injury. Methods A total of 24 SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham model group and spinal cord injury group. The sham model group was further divided into two subgroups: Sham+LFD group and Sham+HFD group. Spinal cord injury group was further divided into two groups: SCI+LFD group and SCI+HFD group. The animal model for spinal cord injury was made by modified Allen's impact method. Body weight, blood glucose and glucose tolerance indices were measured before experiment and 8 weeks after the experiment. At 8 weeks, the rat liver, spleen and visceral adipose tissues were collected. The expression of insulin and inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were observed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The body weight in each group was increased significantly. Blood glucose in rats after spinal cord injury was significantly higher than that before injury. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in peripheral tissues was significantly higher than that in the sham model group, and IL-10 was significantly lower than that in the sham model group. Compared with the Sham+LFD group, the levels of insulin, TNF-α and IL-1β in Sham+HFD group, SCI+LFD group, and SCI+HFD group were significantly increased, and IL-10 was significantly decreased. Compared with Sham+HFD group, the levels of insulin, TNF-α and IL-1β in SCI+HFD group were increased further, and IL-10 was further decreased. Conclusion Peripheral inflammatory response after spinal cord injury plays an important role in the treatment of concurrrent type 2 diabetes mellitus after spinal cord injury.     [Key words] SD rats; Spinal cord injury; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Inflammatory response
  临床中脊髓损伤患者胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量异常发生率明显增高,近年有研究表明[1,2],脊髓损伤与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)发生几率显著增加相关,而在进一步校正其他相关危险因素后,该相关性仍然存在,表明脊髓损伤是2型糖尿病发生的独立危险因素。2型糖尿病系外周细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低,血糖升高,体内胰岛素代偿性增加,导致糖代谢紊乱[3,4]。研究证实机体的慢性炎症状态是导致脂肪、肌肉及肝脏等胰岛素抵抗的主要原因[5],外周慢性炎症在2型糖尿病发生发展中起重要作用[6]。脊髓损伤后机体相对会产生异常应激反??导致免疫系统紊乱,过度活化的免疫细胞分泌多种炎性介质,IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等促炎细胞因子通过干扰胰岛素信号传递,在胰岛素抵抗的发生中发挥重要作用[7,8]。临床证实,给予糖尿病患者胰岛素增敏剂治疗,可明显改善其慢性炎症水平,提示胰岛素抵抗与慢性炎症紧密关联[9]。脊髓损伤后脑与脊髓之间的生理性联系和解剖连续性被破坏,反馈机制中断或受损,使脊髓损伤后外周长期处于异常应激状态,但相关研究目前尚无明确报道。本研究拟通过观察SD大鼠脊髓损伤后外周组织炎症反应状态及其对胰岛素敏感性的影响,探讨脊髓损伤并发2型糖尿病的可能机制,现报道如下。
  1 材料与方法
  1.1 实验动物
  动物及分组:选取24只健康SD大鼠(8周龄,雄性大鼠,体重150~180 g,普通级)为研究对象,经适应性饲养3 d后随机分为假模对照组:假模普通饲料组(Sham+LFD)、假模三高饲料组(Sham+HFD),脊髓损伤组:脊髓损伤普通饲料组(SCI+LFD)、脊髓损伤三高饲料组(SCI+HFD),每组6只。普通饲料组进食国家标准固体混合饲料,三高饲料组进食配方三高饲料,诱发胰岛素抵抗及糖尿病,每日自由饮水。各组在实验前(0周)及实验8周后进行体重测量。脊髓损伤组行改良Allen’s法造成脊髓不完全性损伤,具体方法如下所述,假模组行相同手术操作但不进行脊髓打击损伤。
  1.2 模型制备
  采用改良的Allen’s撞击法制作SCI动物模型[10]。实验动物经5%水合氯醛(300 mg/kg体重)腹腔注射麻醉后,背部剃毛,常规消毒,定位棘突后以T10为中心作长约3 cm皮肤切口,钝性剥离脊旁肌肉暴露脊椎后,微型咬骨钳咬除T10及部分T9、T11棘突和椎板,暴露脊髓,以上操作过程中特别注意使硬脊膜完整。使用MASCIS Impactor(W.M. Keck Center of Rutgers University,USA)精确撞击(10 g,11.5 cm),制作脊髓不完全损伤模型,模型成功标志:可见大鼠尾巴痉挛性摆动,双下肢躯体回缩样扑动,脊髓打击部位淤血,双下肢弛缓性瘫痪。假模组同样进行上述操作,咬除椎板并暴露脊髓,但不进行重物撞击。所有实验大鼠术毕均逐层缝合切口,并消毒表面。术后注意保温,单笼饲养,仔细护理。
  1.3 血糖指标监测
  各组动物禁食8 h,尾部取血,采用便携式血糖检测仪(美国强生公司)检测空腹血糖,再以2 g/kg体重腹腔注射葡萄糖,分别于注射后15、30、45、120、180 min尾部采血,测定血糖浓度。在8周后重复进行上述检测。
  1.4 标本取材
  实验8周时,在禁食8 h后,断头处死迅速取脑,尽快分离出下丘脑后浸入液氮中急冻,同时取肝脏、脾脏、睾周脂肪(内脏脂肪),分装做好标记后置于-80℃的超低温冰箱中保存,用于免疫荧光检测。
  1.5 实时荧光定量PCR
  实时荧光定量PCR测定所取各组大鼠肝脏、脾脏、睾周脂肪组织胰岛素、IL-10、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达:取组织粉碎(脂肪组织按5 mL/1 g比例于含1 mg/mL胶原酶的缓冲液中消化45 min),加入裂解液匀浆,低温离心,抽提总蛋白在SDS2聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上电泳,30 mA恒流条件下,4℃过夜,将蛋白电转移到硝酸纤维素膜,封闭后,加入一抗(美国Abcam公司)后4℃孵育过夜。TBST洗膜后加二抗羊抗IgG(北京中山生物技术有限公司),常温孵育1 h,TBST洗膜后,ECL化学发光试剂(美国Pierce公司)检测阳性信号,采用ScionImage软件计算条带的相对光密度值。实验重复3次。相对光密度值=实验组或对照组光密度值/β-actin光密度值。
  1.6 统计学方法
  所得数据采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行统计分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,组内不同时间比较采用配对样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析Oneway Annova,P    3 ?论
  脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是由各种原因引起的脊髓结构、功能的损害,造成损伤水平以下不同程度的运动、感觉和自主神经功能障碍。脊髓损伤的治疗与康复是现代医学界的一大难题,脊髓损伤后并发症的多发性也严重影响着患者的生活质量,其对代谢的影响近年来也越来越引起重视[1]。许多研究表明,脊髓损伤与2型糖尿病之间存在着密切的关系[1,2]。有文献报道脊髓损伤后发生2型糖尿病的几率从10%~22%不等[11-13]。
  糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)系外周细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低,血糖升高,体内胰岛素代偿性增加,导致糖代谢紊乱。以往研究一般认为脊髓损伤患者血糖浓度常升高是应激反应所引起[14],临床上证实,给予糖尿病患者胰岛素增敏剂治疗,可明显改善患者的慢性炎症水平,提示胰岛素抵抗与慢性炎症紧密相关。近年研究表明,胰岛素抵抗与慢性炎症交互作用,促进2型糖尿病的发生发展[15]。慢性炎症导致胰岛素抵抗的机制主要是多种促炎细胞因子通过刺激炎症信号通路干扰胰岛素的信号传递过程所致,胰岛素抵抗又可加重慢性炎症。在2型糖尿病时脂肪细胞会分泌一系列的炎症因子,包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等,会导致巨噬细胞向脂肪组织迁移、浸润,产生更多的炎症因子,而炎症因子会导致胰岛素敏感细胞内胰岛素信号转导受阻,从而造成胰岛素抵抗[16,17]。肝脏的胰岛素抵抗表现为血胰岛素水平的升高,升高的胰岛素不能有效地抑制肝糖的异生和餐后糖原的储存减少,导致空腹和餐后血糖水平的升高。
  以往研究多集中于糖尿病危险因素与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系[18],以及β细胞上胰岛素信号通路的缺陷与β细胞凋亡的增加和糖尿病发生之间的关系[19,20]。近年来,氧化应激在糖尿病发生和发展中的作用逐渐引起人们的重视。有研究发现,长期的血糖控制不佳导致机体氧化应激损伤是糖尿病并发症的共同机制,而氧化应激状态可促进炎症反应,炎症反应反过来又可加重氧化应激状态,因此,改善氧化应激状态并抑制炎性因子可有效防治糖尿病并发症[21]。
  本研究通过对脊髓损伤大鼠的炎性因子的检测,并与假模组进行比较,表明脊髓损伤后大鼠无论是正常饮食组还是高脂饮食组,其外周组织中胰岛素、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6含量均较假模组显著增加,而IL-10则显著降低。而且高脂饮食组的变化较正常饮食组变化更为明显。提示脊髓损伤后大鼠体内会产生明显的外周炎性反应,生成更多的炎症因子,这些炎症因子可能会导致细胞内胰岛素信号转导受阻,从而造成胰岛素抵抗,更进一步则会发展为2型糖尿病,部分揭示了脊髓损伤后2型糖尿病发生几率上升的可能机制。这就为临床上脊髓损伤后并发糖尿病进行干预提供了思路,即如何减轻机体的外周炎性反应,减少生成炎症因子,从而降低脊髓损伤后发生2型糖尿病的几率。
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  (收稿日期:2017-07-11)
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