[摘要] 目的 研究感染性?U曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因分布与耐药相关性。 方法 回顾性分析鲍曼不动杆菌在2010年1月~2015年12月期间的药物敏感性变迁,留取200株耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌,检测青霉烯酶与外排泵表型,并统计比较200株耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌与200株碳青霉烯类敏感组的差异。 结果 2010年1月~2015年12月期间鲍曼不动杆菌耐药严峻,碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌检出率在35.8%~78.9%。其中在200株耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌菌株中,检出携带OXA-51基因108株,携带OXA-23基因46株,同时携带OXA-51和OXA-23 26株,其余碳青霉烯酶基因均未检测到;外排泵表型在碳青霉烯类耐药菌阳性株为175株,碳青霉烯类敏感株阳性株为115株,χ2检验碳青霉烯类敏感组的与耐药组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.141,P=0.000)。结论 近六年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药机制以OXA-51,OXA-23起主要作用,外排泵机制可能在碳青霉烯类耐药机制起作用。
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[关键词] 鲍曼不动杆菌;碳青霉烯酶;耐药性;耐药机制
[中图分类号] R446 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)29-0038-05
Study on the main drug resistance mechanism of carbapenems-resistant acinetobacter baumannii
LIN Yan1 CHEN Zhixiong2 CAI Ruiyun1 ZHAO Lifen3
1.Clinical Laboratory, Red Cross Hospital, Rui'an People's Hospital, Rui'an 325200, China; 2.Clinical Laboratory, Rui'an Disease Prevention and Control Center, Rui'an 325200, China; 3.Clinical Laboratory, Rui'an People's Hospital, Rui'an 325200, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the relationship between the distribution of carbapenemase gene and the drug resistance of infectious acinetobacter baumannii. Methods The drug sensitivity changes of acinetobacter baumannii from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. 200 strains of carbapenems-resistant acinetobacter baumannii were collected. Phenotype of carbapenemase and efflux pump was detected, and the differences of 200 carbapenems-resistant acinetobacter baumannii and 200 carbapenems-sensitive strains were compared. Results During the period from January 2010 to December 2015, acinetobacter baumannii was highly drug resistant. The detection rate of carbapenems-resistant acinetobacter baumannii was 35.8%-78.9%. Among the 200 strains of carbapenems-resistant acinetobacter baumannii, 108 strains carrying OXA-51 gene were detected, 46 strains carrying OXA-23 gene were detected, while 26 strains carrying both OXA-51 and OXA-23 were detected. Other carbapenemase genes were not detected; there was 175 strains of positive carbapenems-resistant strains with the efflux pump phenotype, and 115 strains of positive carbapenems-sensitive strains. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference between carbapenems-sensitive group and carbapenems-resistant group(χ2=45.141, P=0.000). Conclusion The of drug resistance mechanism of acinetobacter baumannii in the past six years has played a major role in OXA-51 and OXA-23, and the efflux pump mechanism may play a role in the carbapenems drug resistance mechanism. [Key words] Acinetobacter baumannii; Carbapenemase; Drug resistance; Drug resistance mechanism
鲍曼不动杆菌是一类不发酵糖类、氧化酶阴性、无动力的革兰阴性球杆菌,其广泛存在于自然环境中,并可引起院内严重感染。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药严重,耐药机制是其研究热点。根据我们地区几家医院感染监测报告显示,鲍曼不动杆菌(包括鲍曼不动杆菌复合群)在非发酵菌中检出率仅次于铜绿假单胞菌,耐药情况严峻,在2015年对亚胺培南耐药率达78.9%,给临床治疗带来严峻考验。本研究通过收集临床2010~2015年间分离出来的鲍曼不动杆菌(包括鲍曼不动杆菌复合群),分析其院内感染临床分布特征与耐药变迁及碳青霉烯酶产生情况,外排泵基因表达情况等耐药机制研究,为临床治疗鲍曼不动杆菌(包括鲍曼不动杆菌复合群)引起的院内复杂感染提供合理使用抗菌药物,预防和控制耐药菌株的流行提供实验依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 菌株来源
连续分离、非重复菌株共2800株鲍曼不动杆菌(2010年1月~2015年12月)患者的临床标本。药敏试?纸片扩散法亚胺培南≤19 mm或美罗培南≤14 mm筛选为耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌为耐药筛选为耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,CR-AB),筛选200株耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(非重复分离株―即剔除同一患者同一部位)。其中质控菌株为(ATCC27853)铜绿假单胞菌、(ATCC35218)大肠埃希菌、(ATCC 292133)金黄色葡萄球菌。
1.2 仪器与试剂
法国梅里埃VITEK鉴定系统:革兰阴性菌鉴定卡(GNI)、革兰阴性菌药敏卡(GNS);抗菌药物纸片(英国OXOID,广州迪景);PCR扩增仪5000型-试剂购自宝生物(大连)有限公司,由上海生工公司设计引物,凝胶成像系统(Biorad公司),QIAGEN凝胶回收试剂盒(New England Biolabs)。
1.3 药物敏感试验
统计鲍曼不动杆菌(2010年1月~2015年12月)在标本类型(血液、尿液、痰液、分泌物等)分布情况、临床科室(ICU、内科、外科、急诊等)分布、药物敏感变迁情况。
1.4 主动外排泵表型检测
即加入主动外排泵抑制剂羟基氰氯苯踪(CCCP)后,美罗培南的最小抑菌浓度降低至少四倍以上为主动外排泵表现检测阳性,分别检测200株耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌与200株碳青霉烯类敏感鲍曼不动杆菌,并用χ2检验进行统计分析。
1.5 碳青霉烯酶基因扩增
细菌DNA模版[2]使用煮沸法粗制,PCR反应体系为50 μL,其中正反引物(P1、P2)各1 μL(工作浓度为20 μM)、DNA模板各5 μL,25 μL TaKaRa premix Taq酶(含Taq酶1.25 U/25 μL、2倍浓度dNTP 0.4 mM、2倍浓度PCR缓冲液),ddH2O 18 μL。PCR扩增反应过程中各项参数为:94℃预变性5 min,94℃ 1 min、52℃ 1 min(退火温度各个反应略有不同)、72℃ 1 min共30个循环,最后72℃延伸5 min。正反引物序列见表1。
1.6 PCR扩增产物琼脂糖电泳,凝胶成像及PCR产物测序分析
取5 μL PCR扩增产物,1 μL loading buffer(含溴酚兰),混匀,置于1%EB琼脂糖凝胶,50 mA,在100 V电压下电泳30 min,在紫外灯下观察结果,并凝胶成像系统成像保存。选取DNA-Marker相应位置条带位置水平,即碳青霉烯酶基因阳性的PCR扩增产物,送上海生工公司进行核苷酸序列测定。
1.7 统计学方法
对使用CCCP之后的碳青霉烯类耐药组与碳青霉烯类敏感组,采用χ2检验统计学分析,P 鲍曼不动杆菌引起的院内感染日益引起重视,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌检出率亦逐渐增多,甚至呈暴发流行的趋势[2-3],碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床首选,起初对鲍曼不动杆菌敏感率接近100%[4]。但2014年中国CHINET耐药性检测显示我国鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率已升至62.4%~66.7%[5],给临床治疗和控制医院内感染提出了极大的挑战。
本研究显示,鲍曼不动杆菌(包括鲍曼不动杆菌复合群)在非发酵菌中检出率仅次于铜绿假单胞菌,耐药情况严峻,近六年对亚胺培南总体耐药率为70.2%(1965/2800),碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌往往同时存在多重耐药、泛耐药甚至全耐药[6-7]。鲍曼不动杆菌(包括鲍曼不动杆菌复合群)耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的主要耐药机制是产生碳青霉烯酶与外排泵系统过度表达[8-13]。其中碳青霉烯酶能破坏碳青霉烯类抗生素中的β-内酰胺环,水解范围广泛,包括所有青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单环β-内酰胺类、β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合制剂、碳青霉烯类等;主动外排泵的耐药机制为[11-12]外排系统的过度表达,降低抗菌药物在细菌体内的药物浓度,使其达不到杀菌或抑菌浓度。我们研究发现OXA-23与OXA-51基因型在本地区检出率高,有流行特点。查阅文献[15-18]鲍曼不动杆菌以D类酶(即OXA型碳青霉烯酶或苯唑西林酶)为主,分为4个亚型,由质粒编码(部分为染色体介导)。其中第一组为OXA-23组,主要包括OXA-23;第二组为OXA-24组,主要包括OXA-24、OXA-25、OXA-26;第三组OXA-51和第四组OXA-58。本研究以以OXA-51,OXA-23为主,与其他地区流行趋势较吻合。对于主动外排泵机制,本研究使用表型检测,显示碳青霉烯类耐药组与碳青霉烯类敏感组,检验统计学差异有显著意义(χ2=45.141,P=0.000),提示主动外排泵机制在碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药机制中起作用。主动外排泵也是形成鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的重要机制之一,可介导对氟喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药[19-22]。后续的实验将进一步的检测外排泵的分子机制验证,同时检测更多的耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌株进行流行病学耐药机制研究,以补充本实验的不足。
碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药机制复杂,本文通过分析瑞安地区2010~2015年间分离出来的鲍曼不动杆菌,发现碳青霉烯类耐药严重,其主要分子流行以OXA-51、OXA-23为主,主动外排泵表型检测显示在临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌检出率与碳青霉烯类敏感鲍曼不动杆菌有差异,提示外排泵介导外排泵在介导碳青霉烯类获得性耐药或碳青霉烯类耐药中起作用。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-23)