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President Barack Obama travels to Honolulu to meet with the 21-nation Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation bloc. The president hopes to advance a trade deal few know about but that could shape the future of U.S. commercial relations overall, and with fast-growing Asia in particular. It also offers the U.S. a chance to pivot from austerity politics to economic revival. Obama hopes to do all that through the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a deal now being negotiated that would unite the U.S., Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam in a single free-trade community. TPP would lower tariffs and other trade barriers among the nine countries. The U.S. hopes the promise of open access will entice Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico and others to join and eventually extend the free-trade zone throughout the Pacific Rim. TPP is important because the U.S. this year exported more to Pacific Rim countries than to Europe, according to the Commerce Department. As Bloomberg News has pointed out, U.S. companies sell more to South Korea than to France, and more to Taiwan than Italy. Last year, exports to the region supported 850,000 U.S. jobs. But TPP also promises something truly revolutionary: persuading Asian governments to accept new rules of the road for state-owned enterprises, a hallmark of Asian-style capitalism. In return, the U.S. will probably be asked to drop some of its own protectionist barriers, beyond lowering tariffs. Asian governments operate in many markets through state- owned companies with large bundles of cash reserves or valuable natural resources at their disposal. They exist both to make a profit and to build state power. Te n y e a r s a g o , emerging countries added US$100 billion a year combined to their reserves. In 2009, they took in US$1.6 trillion. Sovereign wealth funds now control 12 percent of investment worldwide, according to the U.S. State Department. There are real risks to this model. Sometimes, state-owned enterprises work in secrecy and without accountability to shareholders, independent boards and regulators. The lack of transparency puts U.S. companies at a disadvantage. At other times, state-run companies abuse their power, as Russia did in 2006 when Gazprom, in a disagreement over how much money it was owed, tightened gas supplies to Ukraine in the dead of winter. Similarly, China in 2010 restricted Japan’s access to critical minerals after a dispute over a collision between a Chinese fishing boat and a Japanese coast guard vessel. One of TPP’s goals is to win binding commitments to prevent such retaliatory actions, and to set out basic principles of market behavior. For the U.S., the trick is defining a state- owned enterprise. Define it too broadly and Boeing Corp., which receives billions in Pentagon funds to build aircraft and weapons systems, might be construed as state-owned. Define it narrowly and many companies that are national champions, and receive large state subsidies, might not be included. The answer may lie with a test that trade mavens call “effective influence.” In essence, that means determining who controls spending, investment and management decisions, and who names the chairman and chief executive officer. In Boeing’s case, that’s most definitely not the U.S. government. TPP is also forcing U.S. negotiators to confront their own protectionist laws and rules. Foreign ownership of U.S. airlines, for example, is limited by law to 25 percent of voting shares. Quotas and tariffs shield American farmers and ethanol producers from overseas competitors. There are other hurdles, all predictable: Patents, labor rights, environmental protections and tariffs that protect domestic industries have been contentious in the TPP talks. But with the recent completion of the South Korea, Colombia and Panama deals, which involved many of the same issues, U.S. negotiators ought to be able to resolve these frictions quickly. The elephant in the room is China. For now, China isn’t in the TPP’s sights, except to establish that its unique form of capitalism won’t be in the TPP template. The U.S. will push the partnership to eschew currency manipulation, Internet censorship, forced intellectual-property sharing and coerced joint ventures with state-owned companies. If the rest of Asia moves closer to the U.S. model, that could pressure China to do the same. Obama should push for a mid-2012 deadline to complete the treaty at this weekend’s APEC meeting and at the East Asia Summit on Nov. 18-19 in Bali. If that happens, he could begin a new round of global economic growth. That would do far more to create jobs, build wealth and balance budgets in the coming decades than the destructive spending cuts now in the works. |
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发表于 2018-7-16 20:15:27