[摘要] 左心室功能的准确测定对评判患者预后及制订临床治疗方案有着重要意义。超声心动图因具有费用低廉、无创伤及操作简便、可重复等优势,目前已成为临床上评价心功能与同步性的首选。随着超声技术的飞速发展,各种评价左心室功能的新技术也日新月异,其中斑点追踪技术尤为突出。现将超声心动图新技术在左心室收缩功能及同步性评价中的应用进展作一综述。
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[关键词] 超声;左室收缩功能;斑点追踪;三维
[中图分类号] R541.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)11(c)-0047-04
Research progress of echocardiography for the evaluation of left ventricular systolic function in coronary heart disease
ZHANG Ling MU Yuming
Department of Cardiac Ultrasound Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
[Abstract] The accurate determination of left ventricular function is important for judging the prognosis of patients and the development of clinical treatment programs. Echocardiography has the advantages of low cost, non-invasive and easy to operate and repeatable. It has become the first choice of clinical evaluation of cardiac function and synchronicity. With the rapid development of ultrasound technology, a variety of new technologies to evaluate left ventricular function are also changing rapidly, of which, speckle tracking technology is particularly prominent. This paper reviews the recent advances of new echocardiographic techniques in the evaluation of left ventricular systolic function and synchronization.
[Key words] Ultrasound; Left ventricular systolic function; Speckle tracking; Three-dimensional imaging
冠心病患者冠?}病变可影响左心室节段室壁收缩运动和左心室收缩同步性改变[1],因此对左室室壁运动及功能做出准确的随访分析,将为评判患者预后及制订临床治疗方案提供有价值的信息。超声心动图因具有费用低廉、无创伤及操作简便、可重复等优势,目前已成为临床上评价心功能与同步性的首选。随着超声技术的飞速发展,各种评价左心室功能的新技术也日新月异,包括二维斑点追踪成像(two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI)技术、实时三维超声心动图(real-time three-dimensional echocardiaography,RT-3DE)及三维斑点追踪成像(three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,3D-STI)技术等,现将超声心动图新技术在左心室收缩功能及同步性评价中的应用进展作一综述。
1 超声心动图评估冠心病患者左心室收缩功能
1.1 2D-STI
2D-STI技术是分析软件从二维灰阶图像的室壁中选取一定范围的感兴趣区,根据组织灰阶,随着心动周期自动逐帧追踪心肌回声斑点的运动轨迹,自动计算出斑点的应变参数[2]。斑点追踪技术(STI)不仅时间分辨率高,实用性强,可重复性好,并且无角度依赖性,可以从纵向、径向、圆周运动及旋转和扭转等多方面综合评价心肌运动[3]。
1.1.1 对冠心病早期诊断的应用价值 相关研究[4-6]应用2D-STI获取不同程度冠脉狭窄患者的左心室局部及整体各应变值,发现不同狭窄组间各节段各向应变峰值均存在差异,表明冠心病患者左心室收缩功能均有不同程度受损,且随狭窄程度增加而加重,尤其在重度狭窄组尤为显著,其中长轴应变(LS)为较敏感指标,因此2D-STI技术可以定量评价冠脉狭窄患者的左心室应变,为早期客观预测冠脉病变程度及评估冠心病患者左心室功能提供一个无创、准确、简便的新途径。
1.1.2 对急性心肌梗死(AMI)的评价 胡波等[7]研究表明,应用2D-STI技术可评价不同类型AMI患者室壁节段性运动异常的特点,并能准确检测AMI的受累范围及程度。刘爽等[8]应用2D-STI技术测量AMI患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后左心室肌整体长轴应变(GLS),以术后6个月左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)≥15%作为左室重构(left ventricular remodeling,LVR)诊断标准,结果显示GLS是LVR的独立预测因子,表明2D-STI可准确预测AMI患者PCI术后LVR。 放射性核素心室造影技术不以心室的几何学形态为重,而是依据心室的放射性计数在收缩和舒张不同阶段的变化获得心功能参数[29],所以在评价左心室整体和局部功能方面具有独特的优越性。但此种检查方法有放射性,此外价格昂贵、药源稀缺、技术复杂等原因使其临床应用受限。
3.2 CMRI
CMRI是一种图像能垂直于心脏固有轴线排列的特殊三维技术,可以准确区分每一心动周期的不同时相,即空间及时间分辨率很高,获得的图像清晰,心内膜边界容易辨认,因此在显示心脏结构方面独具明显优势,尤其因CMRI测定心功能采用多平面Simpson法,真实反映左心室的几何形状,所以在心室腔变形或室壁节段运动异常等情况下也能获得直观、精确的定量信息[30],其左心室容积的定量指标一度成为“金标准”。但其禁忌证较多且费用昂贵,检查时间较长,不适合急诊检查。
3.3 多?勇菪?CT(MSCT)
MSCT不但能有效地无创性评价冠状动脉狭窄情况,而且能在此基础上利用原始数据进行左室短轴的MPR重建并进行左心室功能的定量分析[31],对冠心病患者的诊治和预后评估意义重大。除外X线辐射,低时间分辨率造成的运动伪影以及由于肥胖造成的图像噪声是其劣势。
4 小结与展望
随着超声心动图的飞速发展,超声新技术更是层出不穷,并且在不断更新与完善,尤其三维斑点追踪技术的发展,将更加真实、全面地反映心肌的运动情况,为临床提供更准确的信息,在评价心脏收缩及运动同步性方面具有更广阔的应用前景。
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(收稿日期:2017-08-03 本文编辑:张瑜杰)