[摘要] 宫颈癌是一种高发病率及死亡率的女性疾病,随着对宫颈癌发病机制研究的不断深入,发现miRNA在宫颈癌的发生发展过程中扮演着重要作用。对miRNA的研究有利于对宫颈癌的早期诊断治疗及预后评估。近年来许多宫颈癌相关miRNA的研究取得了一些进展,该文回顾宫颈癌相关miRNA的研究成果。
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[关键词] 宫颈癌;miRNA; 发病机制;诊断
[中图分类号] R5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2018)01(b)-0189-03
[Abstract] Cervical carcinoma is a female disease with high attack and morality, with the deepening of the onset mechanism of cervical carcinoma, the miRNA plays a major role in the occurrence and development course, and the research on miRNA is conducive to the early diagnosis and prognosis and evaluation of cervical carcinoma, recently, many studies of cervical carcinoma related miRNA has made some progress, and the paper reviews the research results of cervical carcinoma related miRNA.
[Key words] Cervical carcinoma; miRNA; Onset mechanism; Diagnosis
宫颈癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,它与HPV感染关系密切。据统计每年大约有50万新发病例,20万死于宫颈癌[1],此外,宫颈癌5年生存率 3 血清miRNAs与宫颈癌的诊断
释放入血的RNAs在核糖核酸酶(RNases)的作用下很快就降解了。因此,最初并不认为miRNAs存在于血清中,一般通过细胞内miRNA进行miRNA表达分析。然而,2007年循环于血液中的嵌入外泌体中分泌型miRNA和颗粒囊泡(granular vesicules)被发现。这样的miRNA随后被发现在细胞通讯转染以及经胎盘和乳汁信号转导中起作用[13]。
分泌到细胞外的miRNA在宫颈癌诊断和治疗中也存在价值,因为癌症病人分泌miRNA的水平和正常的志愿者存在着显著差异。血浆和血清都可作为miRNA提取的试剂,miRNA的表达可通过微阵列分析和定量RTPCR检测。检测癌症患者血浆和血清里的miRNA特异性表达改变使其有潜力成为诊断和判断预后的生物标记。miR-126 和 miR-21在血清里面被发现,并且与宫颈癌有关[14]。收集宫颈癌患者血清进行分析,其它新的miRNA标志物被发现。检测到miR-21, miR-27a, miR-34, miR34a, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-196a, miR-203, 和 miR-221过表达, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-34, miR-34a, 和 miR-196a在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中明显高表达[15]。这些结果表明,血清里的miRNA水平可用于宫颈癌的诊断,而且一些类型的miRNA可用于宫颈癌的组织学类型预测和早期诊断。
4 miRNA与宫颈癌治疗
调节miRNA的表达水平可达到抗癌治疗的效果。包括补充核酸序列或者减少实际表达水平,从而抑制在癌症中过表达的miRNAs (癌基因miRs)功能。相比之下,补充miRNAs(抑癌miRs),它抑癌作用可能会恢复。miR-143对骨肉瘤肺转移的抑制作用已被Osaki等证明[16]。给骨肉瘤细胞补充miR-143能抑制侵袭和转移潜能。因此,miR-143是一种肿瘤抑制miRNA,其补充剂可能有助于宫颈癌的治疗,L Liu[17]等人在宫颈癌细胞HeLa内引入了miR-143,发现伴随miR-143表达增强,细胞生长受到抑制,细胞凋亡增加。相对于正常组织, miR-143低表达的组织Bcl2的表达增加。HeLa细胞中过表达的miR-143下调Bcl2,反之低表达miR-143上调Bcl2。因此miR-143与BCL2有关联,针对这一途径使治疗成为可能。
反义miRNA寡核苷酸(AMOs)是最常见的miRNA抑制剂。XM Wang等[18]将这种AMO引入宫颈癌细胞,实时检测SiHa细胞中miR-21的表达,通过MTT比色法评估细胞的生长以及通过膜联蛋白-V-FITC/PI分析法评估细胞凋亡。用肿瘤生长曲线和免疫组织化学评价AMO对肿瘤的抑制效果。与对照组比较,miR-21的表达下调与肿瘤生长被AMO明显抑制。AMO组抑制更加明显,流式细胞检测到明显凋亡。在AMO组中8个病例只有3例检测到肿瘤发生,而对照组8例中有6例。
miRNA在宫颈癌表达上调或下调,这些变化可以增加或减少对化疗和放疗的敏感性,miRNA可能在化疗反应起着重要作用。宋等人发现miR-25-3p可调节宫颈癌上皮间质转化(EMT)及化疗敏感度,增加对顺铂的敏感性[19]。有一些miRNA与抵抗化疗和放疗有关,陈等人表明miR-181a通过负调控凋亡蛋白激酶(PRKCD)增加宫颈鳞癌细胞对放疗的抵抗[20],因此miR-181a可提前预测宫颈鳞癌患者对化疗的敏感性。
对miRNA机制的详细了解有助于我们基于miRNA的抑制或补充制定有针对性的治疗策略, miRNA抑制剂或补充剂与化疗或放疗新的联合治疗方案值得进一步研究。
5 结语
MiRNA在宫颈癌的发生、进展以及转移中发挥着重要而广泛的作用, miRNA临床应用可能越来越被认可。综合分析多种miRNA可以帮助我们对宫颈癌的?\断和临床分期以及判断预后。通过研究不同的miRNA在宫颈癌中的过表达和表达降低,为利用miRNA进行抑制或补充治疗提供了分子生物学基础。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-14)