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2018吞咽与认知功能联合训练治疗脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍患者的疗

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发表于 2018-8-15 13:18:15 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  [摘要] 目的 探讨吞咽与认知功能联合训练治疗脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍患者的疗效。 方法 选取内科就诊的脑梗死后吞咽障碍并认知功能障碍患者86例,随机分为干预组和对照组,各43例。两组均酌情予以控制颅内压、降血压、控制血糖和降血脂、拮抗血小板聚集、营养脑组织等基础治疗。对照组予以单纯的吞咽功能训练,干预组患者在对照组基础上加用认知功能训练,两组患者均干预12周。观察并比较两组患者干预前与干预12周后吞咽和认知功能指标的变化。 结果 干预12周后,两组藤氏评分较治疗前均有不同程度上升(P /6/view-10764243.htm
  [关键词] 脑梗死;吞咽功能障碍;认知功能障碍;吞咽功能训练;认知功能训练
  [中图分类号] R74 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)35-0075-04
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the curative effect of swallowing and cognitive function combined training on patients with swallowing and cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 86 patients with dysphagia and cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction admitted in the Department of Internal Medicine were selected and randomly divided into intervention group(n=43) and control group(n=43). Both groups of patients were treated with conventional drugs for cerebral infarction, including the controls of intracranial pressure, blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids, anti-platelet aggregation, nourishing and protecting brain cells. The patients in the control group were trained with simple swallowing function. The patients in the intervention group were trained with cognitive function on the basis of the treatment in the control group. The two groups were intervened for 12 weeks. The changes of swallowing and cognitive function indexes were observed and compared between the two groups before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Results After 12 weeks of intervention, the vine's scores of the two groups were significantly increased compared with those before intervention(P    脑梗死是神经系统的常见疾病,以中老年人多见,症状以神经及肢体运动功能障碍为主。吞咽障碍是脑梗死后较严重并发症,其发生率为51%~70%,在吞咽障碍的患者中,大部分伴有不同程度的认知功能障碍,这直接影响患者吞咽功能的康复[1,2]。目前对脑梗死患者的康复训练主要集中于患肢功能康复,而对脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍的康复训练的研究较少。对于合并认知功能缺损的脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者,予以单纯的吞咽功能康复训练后,其吞咽功能障碍的恢复仍欠理想,近年来研究发现吞咽与认知功能联合训练对脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍的改善作用更有效[3,4]。本研究观察了吞咽与认知功能联合训练治疗脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍患者的疗效,现报道如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  纳入2012年1月~2016年12月我院门诊治疗的86例脑梗死后吞咽障碍并认知功能障碍患者。纳入标准:(1)与《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中的标准相符[5],并经头颅CT或MRI等影像学检查确诊;(2)患者首次发病、意识清楚,生命体征平稳;(3)存在不同程度的吞咽和认知功能障碍。排除标准[6]:(1)单纯的吞咽或认知功能障碍者;(2)文盲、失语、失认或听力明显下降者。采用抛硬币法将患者分为两组,两组一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
  1.2 治疗方法
  两组均酌情予以控制颅内压、降血压、控制血糖和降血脂、拮抗血小板聚集、营养脑组织等基础治疗。对照组患者予以单纯的吞咽功能训练,包括:(1)口颜面功能训练:进行舌、软腭、舌骨等运动训练,提高舌骨肌群肌力,改善舌运动幅度及力量,增加吞咽时咽腔内压力,15 min/次,1次/d;(2)感觉刺激:应用冰刺激舌根、咽后壁、软腭等部位,改善咽部感觉及咽反射,10 min/次,1次/d。干预组患者加以认知功能训练,包括:(1)注意力训练:采用猜测游戏、电脑游戏、迷宫、视觉跟踪等方法进行;(2)记忆力训练:采用图片记忆、背数、图像再生、短文复述、词语配对等方法进行;(3)语言交流功能训练:采用阅读和描述图片、漫画书刊等内容进行;(4)计算力训练:设计一些与患者的日常生活有关的内容,如模拟超市购物、餐馆点菜等让患者进行简单的数学运算进行计算力训练,并根据训练结果逐渐提高训练的难度;(5)思维推理训练:安排与日常生活有关的问题,如分食物、安排行程等让患者解决,进行思维推理训练。两组患者均干预12周。评估并判断两组干预前后吞咽功能和认知功能指标的变化情况。
  1.3 观察指标
  1.3.1 吞咽功能评估[6] 采用藤氏吞咽障碍7级评价法,7级为正常,评分12分,每级递减2分,1级评分0分。
  1.3.2 认知功能评估[7,8] 以洛文斯顿成套测验(LOTCA)量表和积木试验两种方法判断其认知功能。LOTCA量表总分91分,内容主要是思维运作、知觉、定向力和视运动组织等4项检查等。积木试验总分24分,采用简易的四块方块,积木上标红色和白色,按照图案卡片中积木颜色进行积木拼装,LOTCA量表和积木试验分数的越高均提示认知功能越好。
  1.4 统计学方法
  应用SPSS19.0统计学软件对数据进行统计分析,计量资料与计数资料分别采用t检验和χ2检验,检验水准为α=0.05,P0.05)。干预12周后,两组藤氏评分较治疗前均有不同程度上升(P0.05)。干预12周后,两组LOTCA评分和积木试验评分较治疗前均有不同程度上升(P    总之,吞咽与认知功能联合训练治疗脑梗死后吞咽并认知功能障碍患者的疗效确切,能加快吞咽功能的提高与康复,减少或延缓其认知功能下降,改善其认知功能。
  [参考文献]
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  (收稿日期:2017-08-30)
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