[摘要] 目的 探讨大脑中动脉区脑梗死伴脑皮质层状坏死的MRI表现特点。方法 回顾性分析该院2015年8月―2017年5月临床随访证实的37例大脑中动脉区较大面积脑梗死伴脑皮质层状坏死的病例资料,重点分析其MRI表现特征。 结果 37例患者,均为单侧发病,MRA或CTA提示患侧大脑中动脉狭窄,其中重度狭窄21例,闭塞16例。MRI可见患侧大脑中动脉供血区较大片状梗死,其中较新鲜梗死2例,病灶呈T1WI低、T2WI及FLAIR高信号、DWI高信号、ADC低信号;陈旧性梗死35例,病灶呈T1WI低、T2WI高、FLAIR多低信号、DWI低信号、ADC高信号,伴患侧皮层弥漫性或局灶性萎缩。层状坏死均表现为沿梗死区皮质表面分布的线状或脑回样 T1WI高信号,部分高信号病灶可深达基底节区,MRI随访高信号多未见消失征象。结论 大脑中动脉区较大面积脑梗死伴脑皮质层状坏死多继发于大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞,MRI及其随访可准确诊断。
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[关键词] 大脑中动脉;脑梗死;脑动脉脑皮质层状坏死;磁共振成像
[中图分类号] R742 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2017)10(b)-0180-05
[Abstract] Objective This paper tries to investigate the MRI features of cerebral artery infarction with cerebral cortical laminar necrosis. Methods Among the 37 cases of follow-up from August 2015 to May 2017, patients of cerebral artery infarction with cerebral cortical laminar necrosis confirmed in this hospital were enrolled. The MRI performance features were mainly analyzed. Results All of the 37 cases were of unilateral onset, MRA or CTA showed stenosisin the ipsilateral cerebral artery, among which 21 cases were of severe stenosis, 16 cases were of occlusion. MRI showed a large infarction in the ipsilateral cerebral artery area; 2 cases were fresh infarction; MRI images showed that the infarction presenting as low signal in T1WI sequence, high signal in T2WI and FLAIR sequence, high signal in DWI sequence and low signal in ADC sequence; 35 cases of obsolete infarction; MRI showed that the infarction of low signal in T1WI sequence, high signal in T2WI, low signal in FLAIR sequence, low signal in DWI sequence and high signal in ADC sequence, with diffuse or localized cortical atrophy. The cerebral cortical necrosis presented itself as 1inear or gyrate high signal in T1WI, along the cortex surface or along the gyrus, some of the lesions could reach the region of basal ganglia. There was no disappearance sign of the high signal in the follow-up MRI. Conclusion The cerebral infarction combined with cerebral cortical necrosis in cerebral artery area has more secondary cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion, which can be accurately diagnosed by MRI and its follow-up.
[Key words] Cerebral artery; Cerebral infarction; Cerebral cortical necrosis; Magnetic resonance imaging
大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)供血区为临床最为常见的梗死发生部位,合并脑皮质层状坏死( cortical laminar necrosis,CLN ,又称假层状坏死)并不多见。CLN可由多种先天或后天多种因素所致,为中枢神经系统氧/糖的摄取障碍以及能量代谢异常所致的一种皮质坏死类型,多由MRI及其随访诊断[1]。?J识不足易于误诊为梗死病灶实质少许出血或蛛网膜下腔出血等疾病,进而影响治疗决策[2]。现方便收集该院2015年8月―2017年5月临床随访证实的37例MCA供血区较大面积脑梗死伴CLN的病例资料,重点分析其MRI表现特征,以其提高认识,减少误诊,现报道如下。 大脑皮层六层中诸层对损害性刺激耐受性不同,以第3层最敏感,其次为第5、6层,而第2、4层耐受性相对最佳。当脑皮质因梗死等发生缺血缺氧、能量供应异常时,大脑皮质第3层最易损害发生CLN,尤以脑沟两侧及底部的皮质损害重于嵴部区域。CLN病理上为受累区域的神经元、神经胶质及血管的弥漫性坏死,表现为神经元缺血改变、胶质增生及富脂肪巨噬细胞的层状沉积[19]。
该组CLN以MCA供血区梗死区域出现特征性的T1WI线状或脑回状高信号,影像学随访高信号未见消失,临床及影像学已除外出血性梗死或蛛网膜下腔出血。一组尸解病理提示脑表面T1WI高信号病理上为反应性胶质细胞增生及富脂肪巨噬细胞沉积所致的CLN,而非出血[20]。一组对小儿CLN患者应用MRI SWI序列随访提示,80%CLN在SWI上不呈现出血征象。目前,多数学者认为CLN系大脑能量严重消耗后遗,最终导致最具代谢活性的皮质易感层的选择性坏死,皮质出血仅为CLN的非典型特征[21]。影像学上CLN主要应与以下疾病鉴别:脑淀粉样血管病伴出血多累及表浅皮层动脉,蛛网膜下腔可积血,边缘欠规则,周围伴水肿等占位效应[1,22];MRI上还应与T1WI高信号的高铁血红蛋白、脂肪瘤及皮样囊肿等其他含脂质损伤、转移性黑素瘤、不全钙化、Fahr's病、铜、锰异常沉积等疾病相鉴别[23]。MCA伴发的CLN重点需与以下病变鉴别:出血性梗死,临床多有脑膜刺激征,CT或MRI影复查多于2~3周内密度减低或信号消失[1];MCA及其附近区域的恶性胶质细胞瘤周围水肿,尤其在伴发大脑中脑动脉大面积梗死时,胶质瘤的混杂信号可误为CLN,但随访影像该病多有明显变化[24];恶性胶质瘤聚焦放射治疗可引起延迟性脑梗死,结合病史也易于鉴别[25];低钠血症及其快速矫正是渗透性脱髓鞘的一个常见原因,可伴皮质层状坏死,其颅内基底节区病灶多为双侧性[26];登革热脑炎临床多有发烧及头痛、缺乏局灶性神经功能缺损,实验室检查示白细胞及血小板减少,血清和脑脊液中登革热病毒IgM抗体均为阳性,易于累及额叶及皮层下白质,可伴皮质层状坏死[27]。 Dravet综合征(DS)主要见于儿童,以癫痫为主要表现,可发生致死性脑水肿,有伴发层状坏死的文献报道[28]。综上所述,认识MCA供血区较大面积脑梗死伴CLN的MRI表现特点对准确诊断具有重要意义。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-18)