[摘要] 目的 探?认知康复干预对脑梗死恢复期患者认知功能障碍和生活质量的影响。 方法 收集2016年2月~2017年2月内科门诊就诊的脑梗死恢复期患者70例。采用抛硬币法分为干预组和对照组各35例。两组酌情予以控制颅内压、血压和血糖、抑制血小板聚集和活化脑细胞等基础治疗。对照组予以常规干预,干预组在对照组基础上予以认知康复干预。两组均干预12周。评估并比较两组治疗前后认知功能指标、日常生活能力和生活质量变化。 结果 干预12周后,两组MMSE和MOCA评分均较前明显上升(P /6/view-10694650.htm
[关键词] 脑梗死恢复期;认知康复干预;认知功能障碍;生活质量
[中图分类号] R493;R743.33 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)01-0085-03
Effect of cognitive rehabilitation intervention on cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in patients with convalescent cerebral infarction
LI Jingjing1 CAI Zhiqin2 GAN Quan1 CHEN Guang1
1.VIP Department, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group), Taizhou 317000, China; 2.Department of Internal Medicine, Enze Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group), Taizhou 318050, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation intervention on cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in patients with convalescent cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 70 patients with convalescent cerebral infarction from the outpatient clinic in the department of internal medicine from February 2016 to February 2017 were collected. The patients were divided into the intervention group(n=35) and the control group(n=35) using coin-tossed. The two groups were given basic treatment including controlling intracranial pressure, blood pressure and blood glucose, inhibiting platelet aggregation and activating brain cells, depending on the circumstances. The control group was treated with routine intervention, while the intervention group was given cognitive rehabilitation intervention based on the treatment of the control group. Both groups were intervention for 12 weeks. The cognitive function before and after treatment, daily living ability and the changes of quality of life between the two groups were assessed and compared. Results The MMSE and MOCA scores of two groups increased significantly after 12 weeks of intervention compared with those before intervention(P [Key words] Convalescent cerebral infarction; Cognitive rehabilitation intervention; Cognitive dysfunction; Quality of life
脑梗死是一种中老年较常见的急性神经系统疾病,除出现神经或肢体运动功能障碍,常伴有不同程度的认知功能障碍,如不及时干预治疗可发展为痴呆,影响其早日康复[1,2]。目前对脑梗死恢复期的康复干预以偏瘫肢体的功能康复为主,而对认知功能障碍的功能康复的研究目前鲜有报道[3-5]。认知康复干预是针对获得性脑受损引起的认知功能下降而采取的一种康复干预方法,已逐渐在临床应用,但其运用于脑梗死恢复期认知功能障碍的研究较少[6,7]。本文旨在探讨认知康复干预运用于脑梗死恢复期患者对其认知功能障碍和生活质量的改善作用,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集70例脑梗死恢复期患者,均为2016年2月~2017年2月我院内科门诊就诊病例。纳入标准:①与《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中标准相符[8],通过头部CT或磁共振等证实;②年龄40~75岁,且简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)评分≤20分。排除标准:①既往患者有认知下降、文盲、失语、神经和精神病史者。采用抛硬币法将70例患者分为干两组。两组性别、年龄、病程及受教育年限等情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
1.2 方法
两组酌情予以控制颅内压、血压和血糖、抑制血小板聚集、活化脑细胞和活血化瘀等基础治疗。对照组加以健康教育、心理安慰、肢体及语言活动训练等常规干预。干预组在对照组基础上加以认知康复干预。①心理康复:分析并掌握患者心理状态,加强心理安慰及疏导工作,减轻其抑郁与焦虑症状,改善其心理障碍。鼓励其参加适当文娱和体育活动,促进身心功能康复;②认知康复:定向力训练主要通过提问日期、时间及所在位置等,记忆力训练主要通过记认生活常用的物品与图片,回忆生活中人或物,逐步提高难度;智力训练主要通过智力拼图或读短文等措施提高认知能力;计算能力训练主要通过借助虚拟购物或鼓励患者去购物付款或数字计算游戏;③日常生活能力锻炼:循序渐进指导患者下床行走、更衣、个人卫生、进餐等功能康复,使其生活逐渐能得到自理。两组均干预12周。评估并比较两组治疗前后认知功能指?恕⑷粘I?活能力和生活质量变化。
1.3 观察指标
1.3.1 认知功能的评估[9,10] 采用MMSE和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)共同评估其认知功能。MMSE量表与MOCA量表总分30分,分数越高说明其认知功能越好。
1.3.2 日常生活能力及生活质量的评价[11,12] 采用Barthel指数评定量表(MBI)和生活质量指数(QOL)量表来评估日常生活能力和生活质量。MBI量表包括上下楼梯、平地行走、床椅转移、用厕、大小便控制、穿衣、洗澡、进食等10项,总分为100分,分值越高表明其日常生活能力影响越少。QOL量表包括日常生活能力、活动能力、健康状况、家庭及社会支持、对生活认识等5项,总分10 分,分值越高表示生活质量越好。
1.4 统计学处理
应用SPSS18.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05)。干预12周后,两组MMSE和MOCA评分较前不同幅度上升(P0.05)。干预12周后,两组MBI评分和QOL评分较前不同幅度上升(P数学者认为其主要是由于脑梗死引起颅内胆碱能神经通路发生障碍,引起与认知功能相关功能区的乙酰胆碱活性下降,从而造成患者认知功能下降。既往研究已证实认知功能障碍对患者执行命令力、学习、日常生活及运动功能等影响较显著。对脑梗死恢复期伴认知功能障碍的患者进行康复干预重要是提高其认知能力,改善其生活质量,使其早日回归社会[17-20]。
研究已证实中枢神经系统损伤后,在条件适宜时部分神经元可发生修复与再生。认知康复干预倡导大脑的可塑性和功能重组特性的理论,认为大脑部分因病而丧失的功能可通过学习和训练代偿完成,并使相应的大脑皮质代表区扩大,在脑损伤的发病前3个月功能恢复最快,此后恢复速度减缓,故认知康复训练应尽早进行[21-25]。对脑梗死恢复期认知功能障碍患者进行早期的认知康复训练能增加大脑血供,促进健侧脑细胞或病灶周围组织代偿,提高其神经可塑性和功能重组,形成新神经通路,促进大脑功能重组,防止大脑老化,加强其处理及分析问题能力。认知功能训练时通过触觉、听觉、视觉等刺激,可促进患者作出相应的反应;而通过反复再训练、再学习,发挥代偿记忆、加强分析处理问题能力,促进患者的功能恢复[26-27]。本研究示干预12周后,干预组MMSE和MOCA评分较对照组上升幅度更高。表明脑梗死恢复期患者予以认知康复干预可改善其认知功能障碍,另外干预组MBI评分和QOL评分亦较对照组上升幅度更高,表明脑梗死恢复期患者予以认知康复干预可提高日常生活能力,改善生活质量。 总之,脑梗死恢复期患者予以认知康复干预可改善其认知功能障碍,提高其日常生活能力,改善其生活质量。由于本研究样本量相对较少,观察时间稍偏短,未进行远期效果的观察,我们将通过继续门诊随访进一步深入研究探讨。
[参考文献]
[1] Hsieh LP,Kao HI. Depressive symptoms following ischemic stroke:A study of 207 patients[J]. Acta Neurol Twsiwan,2005,14(4):187-190.
[2] De Haan EH,Nys GM,Van Zan dvoort MJ. Cognitive function following stroke and vascular cognitive impairment[J]. Neurology,2006,19(6):559-564.
[3] 贾建平. 重视血管性认知障碍的早期诊断和干预[J]. 中华神经科杂志,2005,38(1):426.
[4] 尹晓燕,徐新献. 血管性认知障碍的概念及危险因素[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2010,13(11):86-88.
[5] 王拥军. 脑血管病与认知功能障碍[J]. 中华内科杂志,2005,44(11):872-873.
[6] 王玉中,王秀霞. 认知功能训练对脑卒中后认知障碍患者康复疗效的研究[J]. 现代预防医学,2010,37(5):957-960.
[7] Cumming TB,Churilov L,Linden T,et al. Montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke[J]. Acta Neurol Scand,2013,128(2):122-129.
[8] 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南撰写组. 中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2010[J]. 中华神经科杂志,2010,43(2):146-153.
[9] 李知?. 脑卒中认知功能障碍评定研究进展[J]. 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志,2007,34(2):128-131.
[10] Bocti C,Legault V,Leblanc N,et al. Vascular cognitive impairment:Most useful subtests of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in minor stroke and transient ischemic attack[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2013,36(3-4):154-162.
[11] Conde-Martel A,Hemmersbach-Miller M,Marchena-Gomez J, et al. Five-year survival and prognostic factors in a cohort of hospitalized nonagenarians[J]. Eur J Intern Med,2012,23(6):513-518.
[12] 赵焕英,丁小敏,邢凤梅,等. 认知行为干预对脑卒中患者生活质量的影响[J]. 现代预防医学,2013,40(22):4185-4187.
[13] Liu M,Wu B,Wang WZ,et al. Stroke in China:Epidemiology,prevention,and managements trategies[J]. Lancet Neurol,2007,6(5):456-464.
[14] Naruishi K, Kunita A, Kubo K, et al. Predictors of improved functional outcome in elderly inpatients after rehabilitation:A retrospective study[J]. Clin Interv Aging,2014,9(1):2133-2141.
[15] Shigaki CL,Frey SH,Barrett AM. Rehabilitation of post-stroke cognition[J]. Semin Neurol,2014,34(5):496-503.
[16] Cumming TB,Churilov L,Linden T,et al. Montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke[J]. Acta Neurol Scand,2013,128(2):122-129.
[17] Shravani K,Parmar MY,Macharla R,et al. Risk factor assessment of stroke and its awareness among stroke survivors:A prospective study[J]. Adv Biomed Res,2015, 4(2): 187-187.
[18] 刘晶,金香兰,郑宏,等. 缺血性脑卒中患者认知功能障碍的影响因素研究[J]. 中国全科医学,2015,(18): 1361-1365. [19] Bae JH,Kang SH,Seo KM,et al. Relationship between grip and pinch strength and activities of daily living in stroke patients[J]. Ann Rehabil Med,2015,39(6):752-762.
[20] Kong KH,Lee J,Chua KS. Occurrence and temporal evolution of upper limb spasticity in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2012,93(6):143-148.
[21] Filiz A,Feridun A,Goksemin A,et al. The influence of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on physical,emotional,cognitive functions and daily living activities in patients with Parkinson's disease[J].Turk Neurosurg,2011,21(8):140-146.
[22] 杜?韵迹?冯洪,何俊利,等. 注意力训练对脑卒中后认知障碍的康复疗效[J]. 中国康复理论与实践,2011,(17):212-214
[23] Puncan PW,Zorowitz R,Batas B,et al. Management of adult in stroke rehabilitation care:A Clinical practice guideline[J]. Stroke,2005,36(2):100-143.
[24] He CQ,Ding MF. Application of ovidonco-based medicine in rehabilitation clinic[J]. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu(China J Clin Rehabil),2003,7(1):8-10.
[25] Sargeant R,Webeter G,Saleman T. Enriching the environment of patients undergoing long term rehabilitation through group discussion of the news[J]. Cognitive Rehabilitation,2000,18(1):20-23.
[26] Zinn S,Dudley TK,Bosworth HB,et al. The effect of post-stroke cognitive impairment on rehabilitation process and functional outcome[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2004,85(7):1084 -1090.
[27] Sameniene J,Krisciunas A,Endzelyte E. The evaluation of the rehabilitation effects on cognitive dysfunction and changes in psychomotor reactions in stroke patients[J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2008,44(11):860-870.
(收稿日期:2017-10-23)