2018曼彻斯特手术治疗盆腔脏器脱垂患者的效果观察
[摘要] 目的 ?u估曼彻斯特手术治疗盆腔脏器脱垂患者的效果。 方法 对2009年1月~2016年1月在安徽省立医院行曼彻斯特手术治疗的83例盆腔脏器脱垂患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。记录患者手术时间、出血情况和术后恢复情况;通过门诊就诊、电话咨询和问卷调查,随访患者自觉症状、盆腔检查、生活质量等情况。 结果 83例患者均无手术其他损伤、死亡。 0.05)。术后1个月POP-Q评分提示脱垂症状较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。 结论 曼彻斯特手术作为一种治疗盆腔脏器脱垂的传统手术方式,能够改善盆腔脏器脱垂患者的脱垂症状,提高患者的生活质量,是一种行之有效的治疗方法。http://
[关键词] 曼彻斯特手术;盆腔脏器脱垂;宫颈延长
[中图分类号] R711.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)11(c)-0106-05
Therapeutic effect of Manchester surgery on patients with pelvic organ prolapse
SHEN Zhen FANG Zheng ZHOU Ying PENG Cheng WU Dabao
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei Province, Anhui 230000, China
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Manchester surgery in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 83 cases with pelvic organ prolapse who were treated with Manchester surgery in Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from January 2009 to January 2016. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding and postoperative recovery of patients were recorded; the subjective symptoms, pelvic examination and the quality of life of patients were followed up through clinic and telephone consultation and questionnaire survey. Results 83 patients had no surgery injury or death. The average blood loss of patients of0.05). The POP-Q scores postoperative showed that the symptoms of prolapse were improved significantly compared with before operation, the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). Conclusion As a traditional surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, Manchester surgery is still an effective method of treatment. Which can improve the prolapse symptoms and the quality of life. Manchester surgery; Pelvic organ prolapse; Cervical extension
女性盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是一种多因素相关的常见疾病,它的发生可能是解剖、生理、遗传、生活方式和分娩等众多因素在女性一生中相互影响,并最终导致盆底功能障碍。促成POP进展的因素,因人而异,要解开遗传、分娩引起的损伤、结缔组织老化、生活方式以及各种病理因素之间的复杂的因果关系是相当困难的。2/3的经产妇有盆腔脏器脱垂解剖学上的迹象,其中多数妇女是无症状的。据报道,在45~85岁女性中,40%的患者在检查时罹患有POP,但只有12%的妇女有临床症状,并且遭受身体和精神上的痛苦,它对妇女的社会、生理和心理健康有着极大的负面影响。由于人口的老龄化的加剧,盆底功能障碍会成为降低生活质量和劳动生产率的负担,加重了个人和卫生保健系统的支出。因此,更好地缓解患者的症状,改善和提高患者的生活质量已逐渐成为一个社会性问题。本研究旨在评估近6年来于安徽医科大学附属省立医院(以下简称“我院”)行曼彻斯特手术(以下简称“曼氏手术”)治疗盆腔脏器脱垂患者的术后效果。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2009年1月~2016年1月于我院实施曼氏手术治疗盆腔脏器脱垂患者83例。患者年龄33~84岁,平均(63.54±13.23)岁;均有阴道分娩史,产次1~10次,平均(3.48±1.67)次,均无巨大儿、产钳助产分娩史。
1.2 治疗方法
1.2.1 术前准备 ①对疑有宫颈病变者行宫颈液基薄层细胞检测系统(LCT)检测或者阴道镜下活检术排除宫颈恶性疾病;②对有阴道流血者行诊刮术;③对有尿潴留患者留置导尿管;④术前肠道准备,口服恒康正清、灌肠等;⑤阴道准备,阴道擦洗。
1.2.2 术中情况 麻醉方式:全麻,气管内或静脉途径给药。手术方式:曼氏手术,取膀胱截石位:以金属导尿管插入膀胱,确定膀胱与子宫颈的分界处,扩张宫颈至8号;在膀胱附着子宫颈稍下界处切开阴道黏膜,分离阴道膀胱间隙;沿中线切开阴道黏膜;分离阴道黏膜瓣;分离膀胱;环形切开子宫周围阴道黏膜;分离子宫主韧带;切断缝扎宫颈部分主韧带;切除延长或肥大的子宫颈,切除时稍向中部倾斜,做锥状切除;固定宫颈主韧带,将主韧带的断端用4号丝线固定于宫颈之上;缝合膀胱筋膜;子宫颈成形。阴道前壁修补;阴道后壁修补。
1.2.3 术后处理 ①术后护理包括麻醉护理和会阴清洁护理。②术毕阴道填碘仿纱条2块,保留48 h,预防性使用抗生素不超过48 h。③术后须防止膀胱过度充盈影响伤口愈合,须留置尿管3~7 d,注意妥善固定,保持其通畅。并记录尿量及颜色,定期更换尿袋并保持尿袋低于膀胱位置,以防尿液倒流引起泌尿系感染。在拔管前1~2 d要进行膀胱功能训练,间断夹闭尿管3~4 h开放1次,拔除尿管后,注意观察患者小便自解情况,有无尿痛、尿急、尿频等泌尿系感染症状。④及时、适时镇痛。注意患者体温、阴道出血情况,预防便秘等腹压增加疾病。⑤出院后禁止盆浴、性生活3个月,避免重体力活动1年。⑥定期随访:随访内容包括自觉症状、盆腔检查、性生活情况和妇科检查。
1.3 观察指标
术后随访时间为1~6年;随访方式为门诊随访、电话咨询和问卷调查;随访内容为患者自觉症状、盆腔检查、性生活情况和妇科检查。其中盆腔?z查评估反映为盆底功能障碍问卷表(pelvic floor incontinence questionnaire 7,PFIQ-7)和盆底功能影响问卷表(pelvic floor distress inventory 20,PFDI-20),性生活情况评估反映为性生活质量问卷表(POP/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire 12,PISQ-12),妇科检查在门诊治疗室进行。
1.4 盆腔脏器脱垂量化
Aa(anterior wall)点为位于阴道前壁中线,距尿道外口3 cm处的测量点;Ba(anterior wall)为自阴道前穹隆顶端至Aa点的阴道前壁上段的脱垂最明显处;C(cervix or cuff)点为宫颈上脱垂最明显的点或子宫全切术后口或阴道残端的前缘点;D(posterior fornix)点为有宫颈妇女的后穹隆顶端处,宫颈缺如时不测量;Ap(posterior wall)点为位于阴道后壁中线,距处女膜3 cm处的测量点;测量指标:Bp点(自阴道后穹隆顶端至Ap点的阴道后壁上段的脱垂最明显处),阴裂的长度(genital hiatus,Gh),会阴体的长度(perineal body,pb),阴道的总长度(total vaglnal length,TVL)。POP-Q分度:0度:没有脱垂;Aa、Ap、Ba、Bp都是-3 cm;C点或D点在TVL和-[(TVL-2)cm]之间[≤-(TVL-2)cm]。Ⅰ度:脱垂最远处在处女膜内,距离处女膜 所有患者术后全部愈合良好,均未发生副损伤及术后创面感染、出血等,未出现排便、排尿困难等功能障碍,所有患者均愈合良好后予出院。
2.2 术前诊断
83例患者,按传统分度法,诊断为Ⅰ度子宫脱垂13例,Ⅱ度子宫脱垂65例,Ⅲ子宫脱垂5例;按POP-Q分类法诊断,Ⅱ度脱垂患者10例,Ⅲ脱垂患者61例,Ⅳ度脱垂患者12例。见表1。
2.3 术前、术后POP-Q评分情况
83例患者术前、术后1个月POP-Q评分结果提示,对患者术后阴道前壁、后壁、子宫脱垂改善的临床评估,效果显著,其中,Aa、Ba、C、D、Bp术前、术后1个月比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P0.05)。见表3。
2.5 术后患者生活质量的改善情况
患者术后3个月、术后1年PFIQ-7和PFDI-20得分均较术前降低,差异有高度统计学意义(P0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
盆腔脏器脱垂的治疗有非手术治疗和手术治疗,采用何种治疗方式则应根据患者的具体情况而定。非手术治疗适用于脱垂分度较轻(POP-Q分度子宫脱垂Ⅱ度以下者)、无明显并发症、要求保留生育功能、或因年老体弱及其他疾病不能耐受手术者。对于有脱垂相关症状并且有手术治疗的愿望、POP-Q分度Ⅱ~Ⅳ度、合并不同程度阴道壁脱垂或压力性尿失禁(SUI)、曾接受非手术治疗措施而症状没有缓解的患者可行手术治疗。常用的手术方式包括曼氏手术、经阴道子宫切除术、阴道封闭术和盆底重建手术。年轻的患者要求保留子宫。保留子宫不仅支持盆底,而且保留了生育能力。最早进行保留子宫的手术是曼氏手术。曼氏手术是由英国曼彻斯特在19世纪末20世纪初发展起来的一种治疗盆腔脏器脱垂的传统手术,也是治疗子宫脱垂安全、有效、简单、经济的手术方法之一,适用于传统子宫脱垂分度Ⅰ度或Ⅱ度、年轻患者伴宫颈延长及阴道前后壁膨出、重度宫颈炎经电熨术治疗无效并希望保留子宫的患者。
3.1 曼氏手术治疗对盆腔脏器的影响
本研究通过回顾性分析83例行曼氏手术治疗的盆腔脏器脱垂患者的临床资料,通过术前、术后1个月对患者行POP-Q评分,结果显示手术尽可能地恢复了盆底各支持结构的解剖位置,并且差异有统计学意义(其中Aa、Ba、C、D、Bp检测结果P0.05)。这可能是由于术后恢复了正常的解剖位置,膀胱、肠道刺激症状缓解,患者压力性尿失禁情况和排便困难情况好转,PFIQ-7术后评分较术前降低36分以上、PFDI-20术后评分较术前降低45分以上,说明治疗效果明确。这也与Diwadkar等评估结果一致。而对于性问题方面,一般患者都羞于启齿,评估结果可能存在一定偏差,也需要更大样本的确切资料进一步评估疗效。
3.4 网片治疗盆腔脏器脱垂的利弊
目前,手术治疗POP的方法经历使用移植材料的高潮。网片在盆腔脏器脱垂手术中的应用,源于改善脱垂脏器的解剖位置。网片在治疗脱垂手术中展示了能更好地恢复解剖位置,但发生并发症的风险也高(0%~23%)。事实上,放置网片并发症可能被低估了,并且难以量化。网片对生活质量的影响及其影响程度难以全面评估。并发症的范围可小可大,包括接触到网片的阴道壁、膀胱和尿道受到侵蚀、阴道疼痛、阴道壁硬结、性交疼痛、下肢疼痛、行走困难及一过性或永久神经炎,与年龄相关的阴道改变加重了这些并发症的程度。此次回顾性研究对象中不乏年龄超过60岁以上的老年人,这些患者入院治疗的主要原因是子宫颈延长伴有阴道前壁或者后壁膨出,对于此类子宫解剖位置尚正常的患者依然可采用曼氏手术治疗,保留患者子宫。但对于年轻患者,若选择网片盆底重建,尽管也保留了子宫,但会增加膀胱和尿道侵蚀的风险,同时也会诱发性交痛,影响生活质量。 ?C上所述,本研究通过回顾性分析评估83例曼氏手术治疗盆腔脏器脱垂患者的疗效,在治疗方法日新月异的今天,传统的治疗方法――曼氏手术,能够改善患者的脱垂症状和提高患者的生活质量,仍是一种行之有效的治疗方式,尤其适用于有宫颈延长的患者。
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(收稿日期:2017-09-30 本文?辑:任 念)
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